Generally
Case precedents that courts are bound to follow in subsequent cases are referred to as mandatory or binding authority. Precedents that courts don't have to follow are referred to as persuasive or non-binding authority, since courts have the option of following them if the courts find the opinions persuasive. As a general rule, lower courts are bound by precedents of higher courts in the same jurisdiction and in some cases, also bound by precedents from the same court. When a case goes up on appeal, any ruling/decision that is being appealed does not affect whether that ruling can serve as mandatory or persuasive authority, unless and until that ruling has been vacated, reversed, or otherwise undermined by the ruling or appellate court.
Authoritativeness of Federal Court Cases
U.S. Supreme Court rulings are binding on all other courts (federal and state) on U.S. Constitutional and other issues of federal law.
U.S. Court of Appeals rulings from each circuit are binding on the District Courts in the same circuit, but only persuasive authority for District Courts located in other circuits. For example, rulings decided by the U.S. Court of Appeals for the 9th Circuit would be binding in subsequent cases heard by District Courts in California and other states within the 9th Circuit but only persuasive authority in cases heard by District Courts outside the 9th Circuit.
Also, in most federal circuits, U.S. Court of Appeals rulings (from both panel and en banc opinions) are generally binding on Court of Appeals panels in the same circuit, but only persuasive authority for Courts of Appeals in other circuits as well as in en banc proceedings held in the same circuit. For example, both panel and en banc rulings of the U.S. Court of Appeals for the 9th Circuit would generally be binding in subsequent cases heard by 9th Circuit panels. However, they are only persuasive authority in the Courts of Appeals outside the 9th Circuit as well as in 9th Circuit en banc proceedings.
U.S. District Court rulings are only persuasive authority and can never be binding authority in a subsequent case, even a case heard by the same court that rendered the earlier ruling. For example, a ruling from the U.S. District Court for the Central District of California would not be binding in any subsequent federal court case, even a case heard by the same Central District of California court.
